Understanding Spinal Stenosis
The spine is made up of a column of bones (vertebrae) that form a protective canal for the spinal cord and nerves.
When parts of this canal become narrowed by age-related changes, injury, or structural problems, it can pinch the nerves inside—much like traffic in a tunnel that’s too small—resulting in discomfort and reduced mobility.
Common Causes
- Age-related changes: Natural wear on discs and joints over time
- Arthritis: Osteoarthritis can lead to bone spurs that narrow the canal
- Herniated or bulging discs: Disc material presses on spinal nerves
- Thickened ligaments or injuries: Scar tissue or trauma that reduces space inside the spine
- Congenital factors: Some people are born with a smaller spinal canal
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms may vary based on the location and severity of the narrowing, but common ones include:
- Back pain: Persistent discomfort in the lower or middle back
- Leg pain, numbness, or weakness: Often worse when standing or walking and relieved by sitting or bending forward
- Tingling or “pins and needles” sensations: In the legs, buttocks, or feet
- Balance and walking difficulties
- Bladder or bowel changes: Rare but urgent signs of severe nerve compression
How Spinal Stenosis Is Diagnosed
Diagnosis typically includes:
- Medical history & physical exam: To assess symptoms, muscle strength, and reflexes
- Imaging tests: X-rays for bone changes, MRI or CT scans to see nerves and discs, and sometimes myelography (contrast dye imaging) for detailed canal views
Comprehensive Treatment Options
Treatment aims to reduce pressure on nerves, relieve pain, and restore movement. Your care team will create a personalized plan based on severity and lifestyle.
Conservative (Non-Surgical) Care
- Physical therapy: Targeted exercises to strengthen the back and core and improve flexibility
- Lifestyle adjustments: Weight management and posture training to protect the spine
- Assistive devices: A cane or walker to ease pressure during walking
- Medications: NSAIDs or acetaminophen for pain; prescription medications if necessary
- Epidural steroid injections: Reduce inflammation and nerve irritation
Advanced Interventional Care
If symptoms persist despite conservative treatment, interventional options may help:
- Spinal Disc Decompression: Gently relieves pressure on spinal discs
- Spinal Cord Stimulator Implant: Modulates pain signals to the brain for chronic pain management
Surgical Procedures
Surgery may be recommended when conservative and interventional care are not enough:
- Laminectomy: Removes part of the vertebra (lamina) to create more space for nerves
- Spinal fusion: Joins two or more vertebrae to stabilize the spine
- Minimally invasive decompression: Preserves stability while relieving pressure
Related Conditions
- Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Stenosis affecting the lower back
- Cervical or thoracic stenosis: Narrowing in the neck or upper back regions
Living Well with Spinal Stenosis
Most people find significant relief through a combination of treatments. Maintaining a healthy weight, regular low-impact exercise, and good posture can help prevent flare-ups and support long-term spine health.
